FDR MEETS IBN SAUD

FDR
MEETS
IBN SAUD

F.D.R. MEETS IBN SAUD

By

WILLIAM A. EDDY

Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps, Retired
First U.S. Minister Plenipotentiary to the
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (1944-1946)

Copyright 1954

America-Mideast Educational & Training Services, Inc.

1730 M Street, NW, Suite 1100
Washington, DC 20036-4505

Established in 1951, America-Mideast Educational and Training
Services, Inc. (AMIDEAST) is a private, nonprofit organization
working to strengthen mutual understanding and cooperation between
Americans and the peoples of the Middle East and North Africa.

Reprinted by Selwa Press 2005
Selwa Press
1101 Portola St.

Vista, California 92084

To

Mary Garvin Eddy and Carmen Frances Eddy
who cheerfully shared the austerity, anxiety, as well as
the adventure of Jidda in wartime.

KING IBN SAUD

The king of saudi Arabia, who signed himself

‘Abdul Aziz AI Saud” but who has come to be known as “Ibn Saud,”
was one of the great men of the twentieth century. He won
his kingdom and united his people by his personal leadership.
He possessed those epic qualities of the leader which Samuel
recognized in Saul;* he excelled in the common tasks which all
must perform. He was taller, his shoulders were broader, he
was a better hunter, a braver warrior, more skillful in wielding
a knife whether in personal combat or in skinning a sheep, he
excelled in following the tracks of camels and finding his way
in the desert. In him his subjects saw their own lives in heroic
size, and therefore they made him their king.

For the first time in history he united the Arabian Penin¬
sula, combining its two industries: on the west coast are the
holy cities of Mecca and Medina with the annual pilgrimage
of the faithful from all over the Muslim world, and on the
east coast is the more recent industry of Saudi Arabian oil
which has brought the Americans and prosperity.
The King was shrewd, self-taught, and very intelligent. His
* “There was not a goodlier person than he; from his shoulders and
upward he was higher than any of his people.” (I Samuel IX:2)

9

King Ibn Saud

position was that “Allah gave Arabia the true faith and gave
the western world the iron,” by which he meant technology and
all its fruits-the telephone, the radio, the airplane, the rail¬
road, and the water pump. Keeping pure what is covered by the
Koran-religion, family life, marriage, education, and Canon
Law-he accepted the “iron,” the technical skills of the
West. Able to converse with him as I was in his own
language, he often talked with me informally as well as
officially from 1944 to 1946. Since then he grew older and
feebler, but this is a story of the years before he began to
fail.

In those days he was still the very able soldier and
shepherd king, feared by his enemies and beloved by his
subjects and by his friends. He has thirty-seven living sons,
and daughters whose number is untold. The ladies of the
family of a Muslim are a private concern-not the business
of any stranger, nor of the public. The King had, it is said,
a total of one hundred twenty-five wives during his life,
although there was no queen and no princess. The number
of these wives, while it might seem to be merely evidence of
capacity for affection, is equally to be explained by the
political strategy to unite the tribes of the Arabian Peninsula
in allegiance to himself, a royal policy not wholly unknown
to Queen Victoria, who scattered her descendants upon the
thrones of Europe.

In the winter of 1945 Mrs. Eddy (with our small daughter,
Carmen) was the first American lady ever received in audience at
court by Ibn Saud, so that it is only in very recent years that there has
been any direct contact between our American ladies and the
patriarchal court of Arabia.

10

I. PREPARATIONS

Before the allied landing on the coast of

North Africa on November 8, 1942, the handful of us who knew the
date and place of the landings were terrified lest we might talk in our
sleep. In those days before the landings it was imperative that one
neither cancel nor increase normal engagements of any kind lest he
give the alert. One must plan to go to the tailor as usual to be mea¬
sured for a suit, or to a barber for a haircut, or to invite Spanish
friends in for a cocktail party which will never come off, just as though
nothing were to happen.

We in Jidda were under the same strain in February, 1945. I had
been informed that on his way home from Yalta F.D.R. wanted to
meet the King secretly on board a cruiser in the Great Bitter Lake in
the Suez Canal, and I was told to arrange for this meeting. Secrecy
was of the first importance because of the need to protect the security
of Mr. Roosevelt.

We were still at war with Germany, bombs were still being dropped
on Cairo and on the Suez Canal, and a target more attractive to
German bombers could hardly be imagined than a cruiser with the
American President and the Arabian King on board. Until a day or
two before the departure for the meeting, there were only five per¬
sons in Arabia who knew about the plans: the King; his Foreign Min¬
ister, YusufYassin; a coding clerk in the American Legation; and Mrs.
Eddy and myself.

11

Preparations

Several days earlier, the King and his retinue had come from
Mecca forty-five miles away to Jidda for the customary an¬
nual visit during which the King would meet the officials and
notables of the province of Hejaz, receive petitions from his
subjects, and distribute charity and food to the poor. A week
or so before the date we had announced that the destroyer,
U.S.S. MURPHY, would drop anchor in Jidda harbor for a
courtesy call during a routine cruise through the Red Sea.
This created some comment since no U.S. naval vessel had
ever been at Jidda. But the first visit was accepted without
any suspicious rumors and the morning before the departure,
February 11, 1945, Commodore John S. Keating and Captain
B. A. Smith of the MURPHY came ashore to pay their respects to
the King and the Jidda palace, to the viceroy of the Hejaz, Amir
Faisal, and to the Kaimakam, or Governor, of Jidda. That
evening Mrs. Eddy entertained at a buffet dinner on the roof
of the Legation the sixteen of the twenty-one ship’s officers
who could be given shore leave at the same time, and all the
Americans in the vicinity, a total of forty-five-the largest
gathering of Americans in Jidda to date.

The success in keeping the secret in Jidda, where news
both true and false travels through the Suq with the speed
of light, was really remarkable. Secrecy was aided by the
fact that the King had never left Saudi Arabia even to visit
neighboring Arab rulers. F.D.R. had assisted in withholding
information from the British intelligence by only telling
Winston Churchill on the evening before they separated at
Yalta of his intention to meet the three rulers of Near Eastern
countries: Ibn Saud, King Farouk of Egypt, and Haile
Selassie, the Emperor of Ethiopia. Churchill did not like the
plan. He burned up the wires to all his diplomats in the area,
demanding that appointments with him be made with the
same potentates after they had seen F.D.R.

Churchill was thoroughly nettled at the news that the
Americans were making a direct approach to these heads of

12

Preparations

states in an area the British had come to consider a sort
of special preserve-as, indeed, it had been for scores of years. He
made it clear that he considered going over the head of the British
government uncooperative, especially if no Britisher were to be
present to hear the conversation, and was determined to see
each of the Kings, as speedily thereafter as possible to preserve the
British position.

He did manage to see them all after F.D.R. left, but without
necessarily achieving his purpose. Nothing Churchill could
say to Farouk would remove his hate for the British. Ibn Saud
did not even answer Churchill’s invitation to meet him until
he had gotten F.D.R.’s approval, since he was making the
trip to meet F.D.R. and did not want to show any discourtesy
to his principal host.

As for Ibn Saud’s visit with Churchill at Fayoum Lake
near Cairo, whether or not it was successful from the British
point of view I do not know, but I do know that the King
did not enjoy his return trip to Jidda. The British are said
to have told him that whereas the Americans had taken him
to the Suez Canal on a destroyer, they were going to return him
on a cruiser, H.M.S. AURORA, indicative of the greater prestige
of Great Britain. However, the King told me later that his
return trip was very dull-the food was tasteless; there
were no demonstrations of armament; no tent was pitched on
the deck; the crew did not fraternize with his Arabs; and
altogether he preferred the smaller but more friendly U.S.
destroyer.

To return to the story of the preparations for departure . . .
At 3 P.M. on the day of embarkation, February 12, 1945,
the King simply and suddenly gave orders at the Jidda palace
to break camp and “strike the tents” for the return to Mecca.
There was nothing strange about this order since the King
normally makes such decisions for immediate execution
without advance notice to those about him. He dispatched a
telegram in code to the Crown Prince, Amir Saud, in Riyadh,

13

Preparations

telling him to carry on in his father’s name until further
notice. He called his second son, Amir Faisal, told him of his
departure, and of its purpose, and instructed Faisal to take
complete charge in the Hejaz and to take any measures
necessary to keep order in Jidda, Mecca, and elsewhere.
He then announced the list of those who were to travel with him
in his motorcade to Mecca, entered his car, and gave
instructions for the automobiles to drive not to Mecca but
directly to the pier at Jidda. There the launches from the
MURPHY were waiting, the King and his party embarked;
at 4:30 P.M. the MURPHY weighed anchor and started on
its journey to Suez. Simultaneously, Jidda was plunged into
hysterical commotion.

The rumors which flew about like bolts of lightning
cancelled each other out, leaving the people stunned and
bewildered. Hashemite enemies with long memories proclaimed
that the King had fled his country and deserted his people as
King Hussein had fled from Jidda aboard a British warship
a generation ago. Others declared at the top of their voices
that the King had been kidnapped by the Americans. The only
known fact was that he had embarked and gone away. The
ladies of the King’s harim (that is, the quota which had
accompanied him to Jidda) put on their mourning clothes,
put ashes on their heads, and in a solid platoon descended
upon the Viceroy, Amir Faisal, weeping and wailing at their
abandonment by their protector. Faisal bade them return to
their quarters saying, “By Allah, why all this commotion? He
told me only an hour ago, and he has left the Kingdom in my
charge.” The British colony at Jidda in a cool, well-bred way,
was furious at having what Americans would call “a fast one”
pulled on them. That night, Mrs. Eddy went alone to a British
dinner party-the invitation to which we had both accepted.
She reported that, in spite of the perpetual torrid heat of the
Jidda climate, she found at that party an unprecedented frost,
with the temperature well below freezing!

14

II. EMBARKATION

A FEW HOURS BEFORE THE LAUNCHES WITH THE ARAB
party came alongside the destroyer, several large dhows also
arrived at the ship laden with tons of vegetables, sacks of grain
and rice, and one hundred of the best and fattest sheep. In other
words, the normal provisions which the King would provide for
an extensive sojourn in the desert. He had given orders that
everybody on the ship must eat of his bounty, including the
American sailors who had come to Saudi Arabia. The Saudi
Minister of Finance, Shaikh Abdullah Sulaiman, preceded the
King on board ship and told Commodore Keating that all these
provisions and the one hundred live sheep must be loaded at
once by royal order of His Majesty. The Commodore had quite
contrary and standing orders from the U.S. Navy and he was
fortunately able to stall until I arrived with the King on the
pretext that he did not fully understand what was being
asked of him through a very halting interpreter. I was im¬
mediately in the middle of a conflict, and I was destined to
stay in the middle for a week. I explained to the King that
the Commodore had 60-days provisions in the lockers on
board, adequate for all. The King replied that this made no
difference-his American guests must eat from his table

15

Embarkation

and from the produce of his country, and particularly they
must eat the freshly slaughtered lamb every day. The Navy
replied that their lockers also included frozen meat-more
than enough for everybody. The King had not yet, however,
had any experience with refrigeration in his country where
meat spoils within twenty-four hours and he brushed aside
this superstitious proposal that anyone could eat meat sixty
days old, insisting that fresh sheep must be slaughtered daily
on board. Finally, he had to be told that the sailors would
be put in prison if they disobeyed Navy regulations and ate
anything except the Navy rations provided for them, and
surely he did not wish all of these good sailors to be dis¬
honored for life and imprisoned unnecessarily!

He then compromised, shaking his head over the curious ways of
the Unbeliever, but insisted that his Arabs as good Muslims must
obey the ceremonial and dietary laws of their own land. No
Saudi Muslim ever ate meat more than twenty-four hours old.
Commodore Keating, with a couple of dirty looks at me,
finally agreed to take seven live sheep on board out of one
hundred. As Mrs. Eddy went out in a launch to lunch on the
MURPHY, she saw the other ninety-three returning to shore
on their dhow, reprieved to live a little longer. As the
MURPHY steamed out of Jidda harbor, to the amazement
of the sailors, one of the seven sheep was already being
skinned on the fantail of the destroyer.

My original instructions from the U.S. Government had
been to explain that the party accompanying the King must
be limited strictly to four notables and a maximum of eight
servants and bodyguards. From the American point of view
this was more than adequate, since everything the King might
need would be provided for him during his absence. This
limitation in numbers was imposed partly by lack of space
on a destroyer and partly to facilitate secrecy, since a small
party can move less conspicuously than a larger one. I con¬
veyed the invitation with these conditions, but I had also

16

Embarkation

warned our Government to expect the party to double in size
before the King embarked, because I knew what competition
there would be among the princes and others to accompany
the King, and because of the custom of the King of traveling
with many attendants in the style of a bedouin chief In the
preliminary conversations Yusuf Yassin had told me confi¬
dentially that the party must include a harim for the King,
since the King cannot be considered to be traveling in state
unless he has accommodations which provide for his family
as well as for himself and his men. I was able to kill this,
however, by explaining the impossibility of seclusion on board
a destroyer whose ladders and companionways must remain
open for the passage all day long of able-bodied seamen going
about their business of making the ship run. I assured him
that the King would not want his ladies trying to navigate the
companionways which were very steep and narrow and where
a sudden lurch of rhe ship might throw them off balance and
unveil (at least) their faces. Yusuf Yassin was shocked and
disappointed to learn that half the ship could not be cur¬
tained off from deck to keel for the King’s private use, but
I told him the ship could not run that way and we had to
make the best of the available space.

The party of Arabs which embarked finally numbered not
twelve, but exactly forty-eight, and would have numbered
one hundred if the strongest pressure had not been exerted
to keep the party down. For two-thirds of these there were,
of course, no accommodations whatever aboard the destroyer.
The Commodore’s cabin had been prepared for the King.
Three other officers’ cabins were given to the younger brother
of the King, Amir Abdullah, his third son, Amir Mohammed,
and his sixth son, Amir Mansur, the Minister of Defense.
Another cabin was shared by Yusuf Yassin, the Foreign
Minister; Adbullah Sulaiman, the Minister of Finance; and
Flafiz Wahba, Saudi Minister of State. The rest bunked wherever
they could find space-many sleeping in the gun turrets, wrapped up

17

Embarkation

in their Arab robes in the scuppers, or curled up near the feet of the
look-out on the bridge.

Besides those mentioned already, the party included the King’s
private physician, Dr. Pharaon; Bashir Bey Sa’adawi, Privy Council¬
lor, his chamberlain and major domo, Abdul Rahman Tobaishy; the
court astrologer, Majid Ibn Khataila; body-guards coffee-servers (whose
splendor of costume contrasted with the King’s own unadorned and
unjeweled camel-hair robe), cook, scullions, and slaves. The King did
not sleep in the Commodore’s cabin. Bred and raised in the desert
four walls gave him claustrophobia. Canvas was spread over
the forecastle deck to convert it into a tent; oriental rugs
covered the deck; one of his own chairs, large enough for him
to sit in, had been brought aboard, and the King sat on deck
and held his Majlis as usual all day long. At prayer times
the ship’s navigator would give him the exact compass bear¬
ing for Mecca which the King would verify with his astrologer
Facing toward the holy city he would then lead the entire
company of Arabs in their prayers.

18

III. THE VOYAGE

The trip from jidda to Suez took two nights

and one day. I shall not describe it in detail because the Navy’s story
of the days on board the U.S.S. MURPHY has already been told
dramatically and colorfully by Captain John S. Keating, in
command of the cruise.* The voyage was delightful; the weather
for the most part was fine. The sailors were much more im¬
pressed and astonished by the Arabs and their ways than the
Arabs were by life on the U.S. destroyer. Neither group had seen
anything like their opposites before, but the difference is that
any such violent break with tradition is news on board a U.S.
destroyer; whereas, wonders and improbable events are easily
accepted by the Arab whether they occur in the Arabian Nights
or in real life.

The Arab is by nature a fatalist and accepts what
comes as a matter of course and as a gift from Allah, all of
whose gifts are equally wondrous, undeserved and unex¬
plained. The Arab gets off a camel and climbs into an
airplane without any special excitement even though he has
skipped all the intervening stages of the horse and buggy
and the automobile. Allah gave the camel the proper equip-

*True Magazine, December, 1953; See also Life, March 19, 1945.

19

The Voyage

ment to walk on the sand and he gave the airplane wings
with which to fly like a bird. There is, therefore, no reason
to be astonished at the airplane any more than to be astonished
that camels can walk or birds fly.

The Arabs and the sailors fraternized without words with a
success and friendliness which was really astonishing. The sailors
showed the Arabs how they did their jobs and even permitted the
Arabs to help them; in return the Arabs would permit the sailors to
examine their garb and their daggers, and demonstrate by gestures
how they are made and for what purposes. The Arabs were particu¬
larly puzzled by the Negro mess-boys on board who, they assumed,
must be Arabs and to whom they insisted on speaking Arabic since
the only Negroes whom they had ever known were those who had
been brought to Arabia as slaves many years ago. With difficulty they
were persuaded that these mess-boys were not only American citizens
but as much a part of the Navy and of the United States as any of
their white shipmates.

The first morning after a Negro mess-boy (paradoxically named
White) had served the King a very full breakfast of fruit, coffee and
eggs without ham, he returned a few minutes later with a plateful
of hot pancakes and a jug of syrup. The King smiled and
declined, saying that he had his fill and did not wish any
more. Yusuf Yassin, sitting nearby, eyed the pancakes
hungrily. The King observed this look and said, “Yusuf, you
are so fat you need extra food to keep you going. Why don’t
you eat these pancakes?” But this was said in Arabic and the
mess-boy did not understand that permission had been given.
Yusuf Yassin then reached out for the pancakes which White
withdrew beyond his reach, saying, “These pancakes are for
the King and nobody else can’t have none of them.” When
translated this brought considerable amusement from the Arab
group at the expense of Yusuf Yassin. White made his exit
with the pancakes. During the trip the King learned to like a
number of American dishes which he had never tasted before,
although he continued to have his lamb and rice cooked by

20

The Voyage

his own servants. He was particularly fond of our American
apples and of apple pie ala mode, and since that time
American apple trees have been planted in the A1 Kharj
agricultural experiment station. The last night on board the
King insisted on being host to the twenty-one officers on the
ship at an Arab meal with only Arab food served. The entire
group sat cross-legged on the deck around the King who was
in the best of humor and entertained the company with anec¬
dotes of his battles; to their great delight, describing hand-to-
hand combats and showing them one of his fingers broken
years ago and still immobilized by a fragment of a Turkish
cannon ball.

During the day the King was given a demonstration of
anti-aircraft fire at smoke targets, and of depth bombs dis¬
charged at targets towed behind the ship. He showed keen
interest in all phases of the ship’s armament. He posed will¬
ingly for photographs and movie shots of himself with the
ship’s officers. After supper and before he retired early, as
he always does, a documentary moving picture film was
shown on deck before the King and his company. His favorite
was the technicolor film of an airplane carrier entitled “The
Fighting Lady,” which he declared to be wonderful, but
added, “I doubt whether my people should have moving pic¬
tures even like this wonderful film because it would give them
an appetite for entertainment which might distract them from
their religious duties.” Stories had no doubt reached him of
the sinks of iniquity in Cairo where frivolous Hollywood films
are very popular.

I said that a good time was had by all on the voyage, but
a good time was had by all except me. The matter of movies
is a case in point. After the showing of the documentary films
on the deck and after the King had retired for the night, the
usual ship’s movies were shown to the crew below decks. This
secret leaked to the ears of the King’s third son, Amir Mo¬
hammed, who the first morning on board took me aside by

21

The Voyage

the rail and inquired quietly whether I would prefer to be
destroyed all at once or to be chopped up in small pieces, bit
by bit. I asked him what was the matter, and he said Holly¬
wood picture were being shown below decks and that he was
not invited. Abject with terror, I reminded him that his royal
father would not approve of any Arab, much less one of his
sons, attending these godless exhibitions of half-naked women,
and I begged him to forget the matter. He said very little but
what he said was emphatic-to the effect that either he
would see these pictures or my children would soon be
orphans, and he swore that if I obeyed him he would keep
my confidence and not tell his father. To make a long story
short, Amir Mohammed and Amir Mansur, his younger
brother, were in the front row at the late showing for the
crew that night of a movie which featured Lucille Ball loose
in a college men’s dormitory late at night, barely surviving
escapades in which her dress is ripped off. The film was
greeted by whistles and applauding whoops from the crew;
an approval fully shared by the two princes. The following
repetition of the film was attended by at least twenty-five
Arabs. Fortunately, so far as I know news of this orgy never
reached the ears of the King.

There were other endless troubles for me, the only link
in language and in customs between the 269 Naval personnel
and the 48 Saudi Arabs on board. I had a 24-hour job inter¬
preting and mediating; I had to stop Arab servants from
making coffee on charcoal burners over the dynamite and
re-route sailors who would otherwise pass back and forth in
front of Arabs while at their prayers, as no unbeliever should
cast his shadow between a praying Muslim and Mecca. I had
to keep Arabs out of the engine room and the chart room, and
somehow try to locate and round up an Arab who had gotten
lost in the ship’s labyrinth at a moment when the King had
suddenly asked for him. On one such occasion, just as the
sun disappeared below the horizon of the Red Sea and the

22

The Voyage

King was about to lead the Maghrib prayer, he demanded,
“Where is Mansur?” but nobody knew. The King told me to
find him and produce him. Amir Mansur had gotten lost
somewhere, probably mistaking fore for aft, and could not be
returned to the forecastle deck until the group prayers were
completed. The King was furious. We all stood by very quiet
while Mansur went through his devotions twice, fully and correctly.
In prayer there is with the devout Muslim no rank and no front pew.
Allah is so omnipotent and man is so insignificant that the differ¬
ences in rank among men are wholly unimportant and indistinguish¬
able in the sight of God.Therefore, no deviation from his religious
duty is permitted to a prince any more than to a slave, and the King
made it clear to all that his son enjoyed privileges neither with
the Almighty nor with himself.

The singleness of belief in an omnipotent God who is so al¬
mighty and so remote is illustrated in a Muslim saying which
may be translated as follows:

“Whatever concept your mind comes at,

I tell you flat,

God is not that.”

While illustrating the supremacy of God, this concept is, of
course, very far from the Christian idea that God made him¬
self known in human flesh to human beings. No Muslim
would think of calling God a “Father” because a father is
a purely human concept. The Muslim is offended by Christian
use of phrases such as “Son of God” and “Mother of God.”

The last morning before debarkation the King gave gifts in
accordance with the custom of the desert Arab. To the
Commodore and Captain he gave Arab costumes and gold
daggers. To each of the other officers he gave Arab cos¬
tumes and a watch inscribed with the King’s name. Over the
loudspeaker it was announced to the entire crew that in ap¬
preciation of the many courtesies shown him on board, the

23

The Voyage

King was giving to each Petty Officer fifteen pounds sterling,
and to each seaman ten pounds sterling. A sailor standing near
me said, “Gosh, Colonel, how much is that in real money?”
The Captain made special arrangements later to have a finance
officer board the ship at Port Said to change these pounds into
dollars for the sailors. The Commodore and the Captain asked
me what they could give the King and I told them that they
might give him souvenirs of the trip, particularly some ar¬
ticle used regularly on board the destroyer. They gave him
gifts of objects which he had already admired: two sub¬
machine guns, and a pair of Navy field glasses.

It would be difficult to describe the reactions of the sailors
to these weird, courteous, and fascinating Arab travelers. It
may be illustrated, however, by the alleged experience of the
ship’s doctor who, upon arrival alongside the President’s
cruiser, the U.S.S. QUINCY, in the Suez Canal, having no
further duties for the time being, crossed the gangplank to
seek out below decks the Navy doctor on the cruiser who had
been detained in sickbay and had not been on deck to witness
the approach of the destroyer or the crossing of the Arab
party over the gangplank. Glad to relax, and perhaps hoping
to impress his superior, the doctor from the destroyer began
to tell something of the experiences of the last two days: the
destroyer’s deck, he said, was carpeted with oriental rugs; cof¬
fee was cooked regularly over charcoal in the gun-turrets; 7-
foot Nubian slaves roamed the ship with clanking scimitars
swinging from their belts; live sheep were slaughtered daily
on the fantail, etc. The older medical officer from the QUINCY
looked at him sharply and said in a kind voice: “How do you
find life on a destroyer? Are you sleeping all right? Sure you
aren’t under a strain? Here, sit down and have a cigarette
and relax.” The doctor from the MURPHY was very indignant;
he insisted that his superior medical officer come aboard the
destroyer and see with his own eyes this fantasy of East and
West which (in spite of Kipling) did meet east of Suez in the
strangest economy ever seen on a U. S. naval vessel.

24

IV. THE MEETING

At 10 A.M. FEBRUARY 14, 1945, IN GREAT BITTER LAKE
in the Suez Canal the U.S.S. MURPHY tied up alongside the
U.S.S. QUINCY which had taken the President from the United
States to Yalta and was to take him back home. The rails of the
QUINCY were manned but no salutes were fired as the meeting
was to be conducted without alerting the neighborhood. The King,
the three princes, and the two ministers crossed the gangplank
and went to meet the President who was sitting in his wheelchair
on deck. The King and F.D.R. conversed on deck for an hour
and a quarter. After the preliminary greetings the King right
away asked the President whether he should accept Churchill’s
invitation to see him later-an invitation which he thought
might give the President displeasure, but the President said,
“Why not? I always enjoy seeing Mr. Churchill and I’m sure
you will like him too.”

About 11:30 lunch was announced and Admiral Leahy said
to me, “You go down with the King in one elevator to the President’s
private messhall, and I’ll bring the President down in the other.”
I accompanied the King down to the President’s private suite where
he had plenty of time to wash up and several more minutes to spare
before the President appeared in his wheelchair. Admiral Leahy later
told me that on the way down in the elevator F.D.R. had pressed the

25

The Meeting

red emergency button which stopped the elevator between decks and
smoked two cigarettes. Out of courtesy for the King’s Wahhabi
principles the President, a chain smoker, did not smoke at all
when he was with the King. The luncheon included, besides the
President and the King, the three princes, Yusuf Yassin and
Abdullah Sulaiman, Admiral Leahy and Charles Bohlen. Then
after lunch all withdrew except the President, the King, Yusuf
Yassin, and myself as interpreter, to continue the political
conversation until 3:30 P.M. They were thus together at least
five very intense hours.

At 3:30 PM. the Captain of the QUINCY arrived to say that
the ship must leave. The King said this was impossible as the
President must first come over to the destroyer, his temporary
home, to be his guest at an Arab meal; that the establishment
of a friendship such as this could not possibly be complete
without his entertaining his friend and giving him Arab food.
The President explained that much to his regret the movements
of the ship and the security clearances for the convoy were
inflexible and the schedule must be maintained to the minute.
The King seemed very much put out and turning to me he
upbraided me violently in Arabic for not having warned him
of these arrangements so that earlier in the afternoon he could
have acted as host to the President. I told him truthfully that
I knew nothing about the convoy’s schedule. The King then
said to the president, “Will you at least drink a cup of Arabian
coffee?” Orders were given and within a very few minutes the
two resplendent coffee-servers, brushing past all of the guards,
appeared in the President’s suite and poured cups of Arab
coffee for the President and the King. The following day the
President told me that no incident had touched him so much as
the pleasure which the King showed on serving coffee from
Arabia to his new friend. The King and his party took their
leave. They had hardly crossed the gangplank to the MURPHY
before the QUINCY weighed anchor and was swifty on its way
to Port Said.

26

The Meeting

The King and the President got along famously together.
Among many passages of pleasant conversation I shall choose
the King’s statement to the President that the two of them really
were twins: (1) they were both of rhe same age (which was not
quite correct); (2) they were both heads of states with grave re¬
responsibilities to defend, protect and feed their people; (3) they
were both at heart farmers, the President having made quite a hit
with the King by emphasizing his rural responsibilities as the
squire of Hyde Park and his interest in agriculture; (4) they
both bore in their bodies grave physical infirmities—the Presi¬
dent obliged to move in a chair and the King walking with
difficulty and unable to climb stairs because of wounds in his
legs. With regard to their physical handicaps the President
said to the King: “You are luckier than I because you can still
walk on your legs and I have to be wheeled wherever I go.” To
this the King replied: “No, my friend, you are the more
fortunate. Your chair will take you wherever you want to go and
you know you will get there. My legs are less reliable and are
getting weaker every day.” The President then said, “If you
think so highly of this chair I will give you the twin of this
chair as I have two on board,” and immediately the order was
given and the chair was wheeled across the gangplank to the
MURPHY. Whenever the King took friends through his palace
at Riyadh, if they were close friends, he showed them his private
apartment where his wheelchair rested with the White House
tag still on it. The King always said, “This chair is my most
precious possession. It is the gift of my great and good friend,
President Roosevelt, on whom Allah has had mercy.” The King
who later used a wheelchair, did not use this gift chair which
was built for the very slight and frail F.D.R. and could never
be used by the King, a man of terrific physique and stature.

Throughout this meeting, President Roosevelt was in top
form as a charming host, witty conversationalist, with the spark
and light in his eyes and that gracious smile which always won
people over to him whenever he talked with them as a friend.

27

The Meeting

However, every now and then I would catch him off guard and
see his face in repose. It was ashen in color; the lines were
deep; the eyes would fade in helpless fatigue. He was living
on his nerve. His doctors had told him not to go to Yalta. With
Ibn Saud he was at his very best; but he was living on borrowed
time, and eight weeks later he was dead.

That night Yusuf Yassin and I, with the aid of Merritt Grant
(my colleague from the Legation who had accompanied me
with his typewriter), beat out a draft of a Memorandum of
Conversation on which both King and President had expressed
a desire to agree. The memorandum was finally completed in
both English and Arabic and before he went to sleep that night
the King signed the Arabic text. In the meantime the President’s
cruiser had gone through the Suez Canal, past Port Said, around
the coast of Egypt, to drop anchor for one day in the harbor
of Alexandria.

The following morning on February 15, I was
flown to Alexandria to submit the memorandum of conversation
to Mr. Roosevelt. The President read it and said, “This is
all right, just as it is,” and signed it without changing a syllable
or a comma. Others had joined his party in Alexandria, includ¬
ing Secretary of State Edward Stettinius, and Ambassador to
London, John Winant. The statesmen around the President
immediately expressed the greatest concern regarding the
disposition of copies of the memorandum. Harry Hopkins warned
me not to transmit this memorandum through the Legation to
the Department, but rather to give him a copy then and there,
which copy would suffice for the State Department and prevent
the confidential memorandum from being read by a great many
secretaries and filing clerks. One copy was of course kept for
the President and another copy of the signed English text I
took back to the King.

28

King Ibn Saud comes aboard the U.S.S. Quincy

ev.a

1 0 1

5 a

K1

V. THE CONFERENCE

Nothing has been published about the

Political conversations because nobody who was present has broken
his silence. I am now breaking mine.

The King steadfastly refused to use, quote or show his copy of
the memorandum of conversation. He regarded the occasion as
one where a personal friendship between two heads of state, and
between two men, was established. In his simple Arab view,
such friendship depends wholly upon good will and good faith.
When these died with F.D.R. and were not revived by his successor,
they cannot be resurrected by producing a piece of paper.

As an Arab guest at the meeting, Ibn Saud initiated no topics.
He waited for his host to propose subjects for serious discussion.
It might be noted in passing that at no time did Ibn Saud
even hint at economic or financial aid for Saudi Arabia. He
traveled to the meeting seeking friends and not funds, in spite
of the fact that, at that date, he had no reason to expect that
Arabian oil would be produced in quantity to multiply his
national income but, on the contrary, ruled in 1945 over a
pastoral land which could not produce enough to feed its population,
and a land cut off by war from importing the necessities of life.

31

The Conference

THE PRESIDENT

After discussing the progress of the war, and expressing his
confidence that Germany would be defeated, F.D.R. stated that
he had a serious problem in which he desired the King’s advice
and help; namely, the rescue and rehabilitation of the remnant
of Jews in Central Europe who had suffered indescribable
horrors at the hands of rhe Nazis: eviction, destruction of their
homes, torture and mass-murder. He, F.D.R., felt a personal
responsibility and indeed had committed himself to help solve
this problem. What could the King suggest?

Ibn Saud’s reply was prompt and laconic: “Give them and
their descendants the choicest lands and homes of the Germans
who had oppressed them.”

F.D.R. replied that the Jewish survivors have a sentimental
desire to settle in Palestine and, quite understandably, would
dread remaining in Germany where they might suffer again.

The King said that he had no doubt the Jews have good
reason not to trust the Germans, but surely the Allies will
destroy Nazi power forever and in their victory will be strong
enough to protect Nazi victims. If the Allies do not expect
firmly to control future German policy, why fight this costly
war? He, Ibn Saud, could not conceive of leaving an enemy in
a position to strike back after defeat.

In a few minutes, F.D.R. returned to the attack, saying that
he counted on Arab hospitality and on the King’s help in solving
the problem of Zionism, but the King repeated: “Make the
enemy and the oppressor pay; that is how we Arabs wage war.
Amends should be made by the criminal, not by the innocent
bystander. What injury have Arabs done to the Jews of Europe?
It is the ‘Christian’ Germans who stole their homes and lives.
Let the Germans pay.” Once more, F.D.R. returned to the
subject, complaining that the King had not helped him at all
with his problem, but the King, having lost some patience, did
not expound his views again, beyond stating (with a note of

32

The Conference

irony in his voice) that this over-solicitude for the Germans
was incomprehensible to an uneducated bedouin with whom
friends get more consideration than enemies. The King’s final
remark on the subject was to the effect that it is Arab custom
to distribute survivors and victims of battle among the victorious
tribes in accordance with their number and their supplies
of food and water. In the Allied camp there are fifty countries,
among whom Palestine is small, land-poor and has already
been assigned more than its quota of European refugees.

THE KING

Ibn Saud, in his turn, asked F.D.R. for friendship and sup¬
port. In the conversation the King never seemed to distinguish
between F.D.R. as a person and as President of the U.S.A. To
an absolute as well as a benevolent monarch, the Chief and the
State are the same.

The King stated that his first desire for his land and his
people is independence, for which he depends on Allah. Unlike
some other Arab lands, his country had never been occupied
nor “protected” as a dependent. Without this independence,
he would not and could not seek an honorable friendship, because
friendship is possible only with mutual and equal respect.
Next to independence, the King said, comes his desire for
F.D.R’s friendship because F.D.R. is known as the champion
of the Four Freedoms and of every freedom. Furthermore, the
King had found that the U.S.A. never colonizes nor enslaves.
In very simple language, such as he must often have used in
cementing alliances with tribal chiefs, Ibn Saud then asked
F.D.R. for friendship.

The President then gave Ibn Saud the double assurance,
repeated just one week before his death in his letter to Ibn
Saud, dated April 5, 1945: (1) He personally, as president,
would never do anything which might prove hostile to the
Arabs; and (2) the U. S. Government would make no change

33

The Conference

in its basic policy in Palestine without full and prior
consultation with both Jews and Arabs.* To the King, these
oral assurances were equal to an alliance; he did not foresee
that Death was waiting in the wings to bear the speaker away
before the promises could be redeemed. Now that Mr. Dulles has
completed the first goodwill tour ever made by an American
Secretary of State to the Near East, Ibn Saud’s son and successor,
for long his father’s closest counselor, may again hope that
the promise will be revived.

MR. TRUMAN

The historic conference had an anticlimax at the White
House which has never been reported.

The first week in October, 1945, the Secretary of State
recalled four chiefs of U. S. Missions simultaneously to have
them testify as a group to Mr. Truman regarding the deterioration
of American political interests in the Near East: the U.S.
Ministers in Egypt, Lebanon and Syria (jointly), Saudi
Arabia, and the Consul-General to mandated Palestine.

The four arrived for a White House appointment which
had been scheduled for about October 10.

The four were kept idle in Washington four weeks, away
from their posts and with no duties whatsoever, because the
White House advisors, including David K. Niles, persuaded the
President that it would be impolitic to see his Ministers to
Arab countries, no matter how briefly, prior to the November
Congressional elections.

After the elections, the Director of the Near East Office of
the Department of State was allowed to bring the four in for
a private conference with Mr. Truman. The spokesman for the
group, George Wadsworth, presented orally an agreed statement

* The double promise in this paragraph, contained in the letter from
F.D.R. to Ibn Saud, April 5, 1945, is the only part of this conference
which has ever been published. See N.Y. Times, October 19, 1945.

34

The Conference

in about twenty minutes. There was little discussion and the
President asked few questions in the meeting whose Minutes
have been carefully guarded in the Department of State.
Finally, Mr. Truman summed up his position with the utmost
candor: “I’m sorry, gentlemen, but I have to answer to hundreds
of thousands who are anxious for the success of Zionism;
I do not have hundreds of thousands of Arabs among my
constituents.”

35

THE WHITE HOUSE

WASHINGTON

HVh m ifriTT y 1945 -

dy dear Colwiel^

I dish Id Lull yau bah muck J

iiriEnim tx-ii upprtLitt^ tke otr.ntr In muck yrsu

j.A-uilt'i til the ujrwitrchjitri far asy matine

»ith Air,is ibti £nw, I Imov t.wt the succstifiil

rttulta iijvijive,! naat pains tej-iii.ii Ana dtlloit"
pT-epfaris lidiin un juur part* It win iur lie m
□.■ust inLereEtin^ bad .1 timi2t.t irur experience
and I want you to know Ijdv J/Pllj 1 eld elwbt@
ftl' tke iuportent port wfligjj jrgu played^ niit
aailjF in. U>4 oxronj,cnnn %e » tut in thfl

tonvcT^AtiaP itself in anting GUT nesting ab
WtEtaadirig D EUCCtUi KlUl ay Aliiueeft oir.hcp,

?ery AideiEirEly

Honor&fcLe *+ a+ tdajj

Tht lizierlifirL i.'i'Lio.'i,
Jlcld 6 , i e.uiJl AltcIn.

w

FLICT AONirHAL. WILLIAM D. LEAHY, U S . H .

1? S*pt™*w Ip*

Dear Colonel Eddy:

Pinson egc^-t tbis expression n t high appreciation
at yew ufld*rst«niijif courteay In sending tv a gcpy af
your splendid n«Ti,iiTO of the netting at FraatLiji ftoMflnsLt
wsd AMulL Act* U Sevd on board Uae D.S.S^^uiDcy JUi Bitter
inie nf ttip Sose Canal on February llij ISitS,

1 find your narntlTe lo in i£rA*mit

irlth ijd :Tur:h. of tr-.p ^potirg’ pr It use possible for w
ta understand with complete leek of km^lodg* of tbn
Arable lioigu^gn* as well with w eatlm+e or the
cLflra:t(ir gf tbn ldjig vlUl NT I?™ Linguistic 11 wr tat.lne*.

Tour natTative will bo treasured with fej 1 ocgt
valued notes of tiwe war years,

Hy «ongr&tulatlon.9 on all ycicr efforts on behalf
sf ttlfr flianrilj Arabs wher-ram- they wrra ™t, that time.

If Franklin Foopenelt bad been permitted to rewin with,

ufl Longer year bucmis would h*rt bean greater.

Vith -nieh psrEOEial regeris.

Colonel VHUih A- fOOy, !T.3-It*C.
Jlj0 Sborabu Rulldlx^
IfasJiijigtnn $ t C+ C,

VI. THE RETURN

Haying taken my leave of the president i was

asked by his daughter, Mrs. Anna Roosevelt Boettiger, to come below
and explain to her the contents of several enormous parcels
which had been delivered to the QUINCY addressed to Mrs.
Franklin D. Roosevelt and to Mrs. Boettiger. I went down to
find a royal parade of gifts on view in a cabin. There were
several complete full-dress harim costumes, beautifully embroidered
in many colors of silk. Arabian ladies are limited in their opportuni¬
ties to impress others with these beautiful gowns since they are worn
only indoors and seen only by the husband, father, sons, and other
ladies. In addition to the harim clothes, the gifts included several
vials of rarely tinted glass, others of alabaster, containing the
perfumes of Araby, including the favorite of all-attar of roses. Also
there were large pieces of uncut amber, the like of whose size I have
never seen, from the bottom of the Red Sea. From the eastern
coasts of Arabia there were pearl rings, pearl earrings, pearl-studded
bracelets and anklets, and belts woven of gold thread with cunning
devices, the skill which has reached its highest perfection in Saudi
Arabia, the crowning achievement in handiwork of the women of
the Has a.

39

The Return

While I was going over the gifts with Mrs. Boettiger,
Churchill arrived on board and was with the President when I
emerged on deck. The President introduced me to Mr. Churchill
And said facetiously, “This is my Minister to Arabia. He has Ibn
Saud on one of my destroyers and I haven’t decided yet whether
or not you are going to see the King.” Mr. Churchill merely
rolled his cigar around between his lips, and grinned confidently.

The principal present from the King to the President, a
beautiful diamond-encrusted sword, had not been delivered to
me at the airplane in time for me to take to Alexandria. The
King, however, directed that it be entrusted to me and that I
be made responsible for seeing that it reached Mr. Roosevelt.
Late that afternoon the King and his party debarked from the
MURPHY into a motorcade of cars provided by the British and
drove off to the Fayoum Oasis where he was to meet Churchill.
It was a relief to know that my responsibilities were over,
without any potentate being assassinated or any miscarriage
of the confidential arrangements. To be sure, I was not entirely
in the clear because I still had the sword which, fortunately,
was in a very plain-looking box and would not therefore especially
attract a homicidal thief. The next day General Giles sent a
special officer-courier with the sword on a plane going to Algiers
where the QUINCY was to anchor briefly.

Thus ends my narrative of this historic meeting. The President
returned to Washington to live long enough to make in person one
address to Congress in the course of which he said, ad lib, “I
learned more [about Palestine and the Near East] by talking
with Ibn Saud for five minutes than I could have learned in
exchange of two or three dozen letters.”*

* See N.Y. Times, March 2, 1945. In Robert Sherwood’s Roosevelt and
Hopkins, Mr. Hopkins conveys the curious impression that President
Roosevelt was disappointed in his conferences with Ibn Saud. On the
contrary, the President wrote to me, February 16, 1945, that his meeting
with Ibn Saud was “so outstanding a success” as well as “a most interesting
and stimulating experience.”

40

The Return

The King returned to Jidda to a tumultuous welcome from his
people who for once were permitted to disregard the Wahhabi Blue
laws and to dance in the streets, while school children sang
praises of their Prophet and their King. The reappearance of
the King in the flesh occasioned an outburst of wild rejoicing
since many still were not wholly convinced that he would
return.

41

VII. POSTSCRIPT

To THOSE OF US WHO WERE CLOSE TO THE SCENE
this meeting was significant for several reasons:

(1) It was a colorful meeting of two very different but equally
impressive heads of state, who were spokesmen for East and for West.

(2) The previously isolationist monarch, Ibn Saud, left his country
for the first time. Since that day the doors have been swinging open
to the previously closed culture of central Arabia.

(3) The guardian of the Holy Places of Islam, and the nearest we have
to a successor to the Caliphs, the Defender of the Muslim Faith and
of the Holy Cities of three hundred million people, cemented a friend¬
ship with the head of a great Western and Christian nation. The
meeting marks the high point of Muslim alliance with the West. This
moral alliance, this willingness of the leader of Islam to face West and
bind his fortunes to ours, symbolizes a consummation devoutly to
be wished in the world today. With Eastern Europe and perhaps Far
East Asia lost to us, with Western Europe and Latin America on our
side, there remains a vast tract of land from Morocco to Pakistan and
Afghanistan containing several hundred million people, vast resources
of manpower, food and oil, and the strategic bases and the warm
water ports which would be indispensable to us in a third world war.

42

Postcript

Yet, since 1945, little has been accomplished officially to bind the
Muslims to us while a great deal has been done to alienate them.

(4) So far as its effect upon the Near East was concerned,
the meeting between Mr. Roosevelt and Ibn Saud found its
greatest significance in the fact that for once the United States
spoke to the friendly and sovereign governments and peoples
of that area with its own voice, in its own name and with its own
lips. The insistence of Churchill upon meeting the three
monarchs immediately after they had seen Mr. Roosevelt was
caused by the anxiety of some of the powers lest the United
States deal directly with the peoples of the Near East. The
French were equally worried when, at the Casablanca
Conference, Mr. Roosevelt insisted on seeing the Sultan of Morocco
without being chaperoned by the French Administrator.

The people of the Near East, unlike the colonizing powers,
have hoped and longed for direct dealing with the U.S.A. without
any intervention of a third party. The habits of the past
which led us to regard North Africa and the Near East as preserves
of Europe were broken at one blow by Mr. Roosevelt when
he met the three kings in the Suez Canal in 1945. For years our
State Department and diplomats, led by Wallace Murray and
Loy Elenderson, had worked to bring about this direct and
friendly approach of one sovereign state to another, with success in
Syria and Lebanon, without much success in Iraq, and with no visible
results in Egypt and Saudi Arabia. Even as late as 1941 the White
Elouse had informed Ibn Saud that Lend-Lease aid to Arabia or loans
for public works, though financedby the United States, would be
routed through British hands, since Arabia was “remote”
from the United States.

Today we are in some danger of a return to this policy of
tacitly recognizing European spheres of influence in the Near
East. Arabs are perplexed to understand why so often we act
not directly in line with our own national policies but indirectly
and apparently for the benefit of a third party, which is neither

43

Postscript

the American nor the Arab, but some European power or even
Israel.

The personal friendship of Mr. Roosevelt with Ibn Saud
could not have outlasted their lives in any case. But the great
regret in the Near East over the untimely death of our late
president is that he was not able to establish as a precedent and
perpetuate this policy of direct dealing on the basis of our own
mutual interests.

However, the loss of the good will of these millions of
Muslims might yet be retrieved by friendly gestures of comradeship
and of alliance. Our diplomats, our Point IV program, our
Department of Defense, may yet have time to convince the
Near East that we place a very real value upon their friendship,
their independence of Russia, upon their stability and pros¬
perity, and upon the common front which Islam like Christianity
faces in the threat from atheistic Russian imperialism.

It was not so long ago that our travelers in the Far East
returned with ridicule of the Chinese armies as composed of
half-hearted or chicken-hearted men who carry umbrellas
rather than guns into battle and who fight only when the spirit
moves them. We do not now ridicule the Chinese soldier in
Korea in those terms. Why? Equipment and discipline make
all the difference. The Muslim world does not have tanks or
atom bombs and is, therefore, often brushed aside as unimportant
in the world struggle. Like the Chinese, they also, however,
might be united, armed, and disciplined, either for freedom
or for tyranny.

The United States can still tip the balance one
way or the other. If we regard the nations of the world as a
string of sixty-odd pearls, we have to admit that the string has
been broken and many of the pearls lost. The most precious of
all remaining pearls, one which is not firmly within our mutual
circle, but which is still within our reach, is the friendship, the
good will, and the resources of the three hundred million Muslims of
the world. There are those who are bent upon taking this

44

Postcript

pearl of great price and hurling it to the bottom of the sea.
If they succeed in that wanton and disloyal act, let them hope
that the American people will some day forgive them; for they
know not what they do.

William A. Eddy

45

Colonel William A. Eddy, U. S. Marine Corps, Retired,
is the only person alive who knows exactly what was said
between F.D.R. and Ibn Saud, as he was sole interpreter
throughout. ,

He was born in Sidon (Lebanon) in 1896, the son and
grandson of Presbyterian missionaries who lived and died
in Syria. He received his Litt.B. from Princeton University,
1917; PhD., 1922.

Professor of English, American University at Cairo, 1923-
28; Dartmouth College, 1928-1936.

President of Hobart and William Smith Colleges, 1936-
1941.

U.S. Naval Attache, American Legation, Cairo, 1941.

Chief of OSS in North Africa, 1942-43.

First U.S. Minister Plenipotentiary of Saudi Arabia, 1944-
1946.

Consultant to Arabian-American Oil Co., 1947-1952.

Consultant also to Trans-Arabian Pipe Line Co., since

1952.

Holder of Navy Cross, the Distinguished Service Cross,
The Silver Star (2), the Purple Heart (2), The Legion
of Merit. Wounded in battle of Belleau Woods, 1918.

47